About Class XII Course Syllabus (Code No. 044)
Session 2025-26
The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the developments in use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated curriculum also focuses on understanding and application of scientific principles, while ensuring that ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts continue to be available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to:
- promote understanding of basic principles of Biology
- encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and society
- promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment and development
- enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate solutions
- create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms and developing respect for other living beings
- appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially simple processes
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units.
Biology (Code No. 044) Course Structure
Class XII (2025-26) (Theory)
Time: 03 Hours
Max. Marks: 70
| Unit |
Title |
Marks |
| VI |
Reproduction |
16 |
| VII |
Genetics and Evolution |
20 |
| VIII |
Biology and Human Welfare |
12 |
| IX |
Biotechnology and its Applications |
12 |
| X |
Ecology and Environment |
10 |
|
Total |
70 |
Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
Chapter-3: Human Reproduction
- Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).
Chapter-4: Reproductive Health
- Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.
Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
Chapter-7: Evolution
- Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.
Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases
- Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basicconcepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.
Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare
- Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicioususe.
Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
- Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Applications
- Bt crops; transgenic Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.
Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations
- Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations)
Chapter-14: Ecosystem
- Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles).
Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation
- Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.
Question Paper Design (Theory) 2025-26 Class XII Biology (044)
| Competencies |
|
| Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding |
50% |
| Application of Knowledge / Concepts |
30% |
| Analyse, Evaluate and Create |
20% |
Note:
- Typology of questions: VSA including MCQs, Assertion - Reasoning type questions; SA; LA-I; LA-II; Source-based/ Case-based/ Passage-based/ Integrated assessment questions.
- An internal choice of approximately 33% would be provided.
Suggestive verbs for various competencies
- Demonstrate, Knowledge and Understanding
State, name, list, identify, define, suggest, describe, outline, summarize, etc.
- Application of Knowledge/Concepts
Calculate, illustrate, show, adapt, explain, distinguish, etc.
- Analyze, Evaluate and Create
Interpret, analyse, compare, contrast, examine, evaluate, discuss, construct, etc.
Fees
BIOLOGY XI and XII (Same for STATE BOARD & CBSE)
| COMPLETE COURSE |
REVISION
DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY
|
| Rs.14,000/- |
Rs.10,000/- |
Those who register for complete course, they need not pay for revision classes.
Features of the Class
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studies, examples, and scenarios that are directly applicable to current educational
practices, helping learners bridge the gap between theory and application.
Affordable Fees
Affordable training programs create opportunities for individuals from all walks of
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Flexibility
Many programs allow learners to progress at their own pace. This means that they can
spend more time on topics they find challenging and move quickly through areas they
already understand, resulting in a personalized learning experience.
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